Salicylic acid reshapes apple defenses against blue mold | Newswise

Apples are widely valued for their flavor and nutritional benefits, but they remain vulnerable to fungal decay during storage. Blue mold, caused by Penicillium expansum, is a common postharvest disease that can lead to substantial losses; the fungus can also produce patulin, a toxin that may contaminate apple products. Sanitation and fungicides help control infection, while concerns about fungicide use have encouraged interest in other approaches. Salicylic acid, a natural plant signaling compound, has been shown to strengthen disease resistance in apples. However, researchers still do not fully understand how it changes the fruit's metabolism after infection, particularly which phenolic compounds accumulate or decline. Clarifying these changes could help explain how salicylic acid slows blue mold and guide future strategies for protecting stored apples.

A study (DOI: 10.48130/ph-0026-0018) published in Plant Hormones on 26 August 2026 by Youming Shen's team, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, reports that salicylic acid slows blue mold development while reshaping phenolic metabolism in infected apples.

To examine that response, the team selected 72 healthy ‘Fuji’ apples and assigned them to three groups: fruit treated with salicylic acid and then infected, fruit infected without salicylic acid, and an uninfected control. The treated apples were immersed in a 5 millimolar salicylic acid solution for 30 minutes; control fruit received water. Researchers then inoculated small wounds with P. expansum spores and measured lesion growth. By day 10, the smaller lesions in treated fruit showed that the treatment had significantly delayed disease progression. Next, the team collected tissue from healthy fruit, lesion margins and newly decayed areas. Using a method that detects a broad range of molecules, they found 103 secondary metabolites that differed across the tissue groups. Pathway analysis highlighted changes in flavonoid and phenylpropanoid production, both involved in making phenolic compounds. Many of these compounds were more abundant in salicylic acid-treated infected tissue than in untreated infected tissue. The researchers then used targeted chemical analysis to measure 12 phenolic compounds in a broader sample set involving apples from different production regions and 50 fungal strains. At infection margins, several compounds, including caffeic acid, rutin and procyanidin B2, rose relative to healthy tissue, while others, including chlorogenic acid and procyanidin B1, fell. Finally, they compared compound concentrations with lesion size. Higher levels of procyanidins B1 and B2 and chlorogenic acid in healthy tissue were associated with smaller lesions. Some compounds measured at infection margins, however, increased as lesions expanded, suggesting that their accumulation could also reflect an ongoing response to infection.

Together, the findings show that salicylic acid treatment changes the fruit's chemical response as it limits blue mold growth. The results also point to phenolic compounds in healthy apples as possible indicators of resistance. Those links are correlations, so further experiments are needed to establish which compounds directly protect the fruit and whether measuring them can reliably improve postharvest disease management across apple varieties and storage conditions.

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Funding information

This work was supported by the Youth Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Y2023QC26) and the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (CAAS-ASTIP).

About Plant Hormones

Plant Hormones (e-ISSN 3067-221X) is an open access, online-only, academic journal publishing rigorously peer-reviewed original articles, reviews, break-through methods, editorials, and perspectives on broad aspects of plant hormone biosynthesis, signal transduction, and crosstalk. The journal primarily publishes fundamental research that represents significant advances or new insight into specialized areas of plant hormones, and review articles that provide comprehensive and critical review of current research areas and offer directions or perspectives for future research. The journal publishes applied research that has significant implications for the development of agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. Plant Hormones also provides a community forum by publishing editorials and perspective papers for expressing opinions on specific issues or new perspectives about existing research on particular topics. Plant Hormones is hosted by Chongqing University, and published by Maximum Academic Press.